Bootloader

The bootloader is the binary code stored in the ARM9 and ARM11 boot ROMs and hence is ran when the 3DS is powered on. It's purpose is initializing hardware and loading the system firmware from the internal NAND memory.

Besides NATIVE_FIRM, the bootloader is also capable of booting other firmwares (such as TWL_FIRM and AGB_FIRM). However, this will result either in a japanese error-screen or a system shutdown, directly after FIRM-Launching.

Boot ROM

Upon boot, parts of the ARM9 and ARM11 boot ROMs are protected by writing to CFG_SYSPROT9 and CFG_SYSPROT11, respectively. The ARM9 and ARM11 boot ROMs are identical for all Old 3DS, 2DS and New 3DS consoles.

NAND FIRM boot

Boot9 is not hard-coded to only handle 2 FIRM partitions: it parses all 8 NCSD partitions for this. Boot9 will attempt to use every partition listed in the NCSD which is an actual FIRM partition, in the same order listed in the NCSD, until booting one of them succeeds. Among the not-yet-processed partitions, the FIRM which has the highest value at u32 firmhdr+4 will have a FIRM-boot attempted first. Since that value is normally 0x0, the order of FIRM-partition processing is normally identical to the order of the NCSD partitions.

Boot9 is hard-coded for using AES keyslot 0x6 for NAND crypto.

Non-NAND FIRM boot

Boot9 can also boot from non-NAND. For this a different set of RSA pubks are used(separate pubks for retail/devunit like NAND). The spiflash FIRM image for this is also encrypted with AES-CBC using a normalkey stored in prot_boot9(separate for retail/devunit). This encryption is basically used instead of what is used for NAND-firm-partitions. This encryption is only used for the FIRM sections, the FIRM header is used raw. The AES keyslot for this is only overwritten afterwards when booting from non-NAND fails. AES keyslot 0x3F is used for this.

 CTR_word[0] = firmimageoffset;//FIRM section offset from FIRM header
 CTR_word[1] = outbufaddr;//FIRM section load addr
 CTR_word[2] = readsize;//FIRM section size
 CTR_word[3] = readsize;//FIRM section size

When booting from NAND fails, boot9 will then attempt to boot from Wifi SPI-flash(this only triggers when the wifi module hw is properly accessible/connected, which is normally the case). The base offset for spiflash FIRM is 0x400. Note that this region(all data prior to offset 0x1F300) is write-protected by the spiflash(not writable from 3DS-mode / DS-mode).

For non-NAND booting, NCSD / FIRM-backup is not used.

SDMMC

Boot9 has code implemented for using SD(HC) cards, but the input deviceids used by boot9 for those functions are hard-coded for NAND. However, it is possible to use an SD(HC) card in place of the NAND if the NAND chip is first disconnected, and a SD card connected to the bus. Due to the CID being different, partitions will need to be re-encrypted and TWL mode will not work, due to the MBR being in the NCSD header. Using sighax, it may be possible to replace the NCSD header.

Boot9 RSA keyslots

The following are initialized during main() startup, by initialize_rsakeyslots_pubk(). Each of these, for the ones which are actually set, have different keydata for retail/devunit.

• 0: Not set.
• 1: Used for the NAND FIRM signature.
• 2: Used for the non-NAND-FIRM signature.
• 3: Used for the NAND-NCSD FIRM signature.

When FIRM loading is successful, initialize_x07ffbd00_x07ffc100_rsakeyslotsprivk() is called, right before calling the final function in main(). Besides ITCM writing, this overwrites all 4 RSA keyslots with modulus + private-exponents loaded from boot9 data.

initialize_x07ffbd00_x07ffc100_rsakeyslotsprivk(): This initializes the 4 0x100-byte/0x200-byte chunks at 0x07ffb800+0x500(0x07ffbd00)/0x07ffb800+0x900(0x07ffc100). End address of the first section is 0x07ffc100(start addr of the second section), end address of the second section is 0x07ffc900. Hence, the first section total size is 0x400-bytes, while the second section total size is 0x800-bytes.

These are initialized using via the boot9 data image, with ptrs from DTCM. Seperate keydata is used for retail/devunit.

When initializing the first ITCM area: rsa_setkeyslot_privk() is called for all 4 RSA keyslots. The modulo for each one is also copied to (index*0x100) + 0x07ffb800 + 0x500. The private exponent is not copied into ITCM.

The second ITCM area is initialized by copying 4 0x200-byte entries in a loop. These are RSA pubks+privks, which Boot9 doesn't use itself at all besides this copy loop.

Boot9 image data memory layout

0xffffb088 is the beginning of the boot9 image data section.

• 0xffffb088 size 0x38-bytes: This is the array used during FIRM-section-loading for the memory-range blacklist for FIRM sections.
• 0xffffb0c0(end-addr of the above area) size 0x20-bytes: Unknown.
• 0xffffb0e0(end-addr of the above area) size 0x2f80-bytes: This is *all* of the keys stored in the image.
• 0xffffe060(end addr of the above key-area) size 0x230-bytes: This is the initial DTCM image @ 0xFFF00000, see below.
• 0xffffe290(DTCM_image_end) - {boot9 image end}: All-zero.

Layout of the 0x2f80-byte key-area at 0xffffb0e0:

• 0xffffb0e0 size 0x2600-bytes: This is the RSA key-data, see below.
• 0xffffd6e0(end-addr of the above area) size 0x40-bytes: This is the keydata used for crypting the entire OTP with keyslot 0x3f, used by main(). The first 0x20-bytes is for retail, the remaining 0x20-bytes starting at 0xffffd700 is for devunit. Chunk+0(retail=0xffffd6e0 devunit=0xffffd700) is the normalkey, chunk+0x10(retail=0xffffd6f0 devunit=0xffffd710) is the AES-IV.
• ...
• 0xffffd760: size 0x100-bytes: First 0x80-bytes is for retail, the remaining 0x80-bytes at 0xffffd7e0 is for devunit. This 0x80-byte block is copied to 0x07ffcd00 by a Boot9 function, however that code actually does the copy in two 0x40-bytes chunks.
• 0xffffd860(end-addr of the above area) size 0x400-bytes: This is the bootrom_dataptr passed to the aes-keyinit function for retail. See the below Tools section for how this is processed.
• 0xffffdc60(end-addr of the above area) size 0x400-bytes: This is the devunit version of the above the 0x400-byte chunk. This is very last chunk of data in the boot9 data-section key-area: end addr for this area is 0xffffe060.

Layout of the 0x2600-byte RSA key-data at 0xffffb0e0: First 0x1300-bytes is for retail, the remaining 0x1300-bytes starting at 0xffffc3e0 is for devunit.

• +0x0 retail=0xffffb0e0 devunit=0xffffc3e0: RSA modulo for keyslot3, initialized by initialize_rsakeyslots_pubk().
• +0x100 retail=0xffffb1e0 devunit=0xffffc4e0: RSA modulo for keyslot1, initialized by initialize_rsakeyslots_pubk().
• +0x200 retail=0xffffb2e0 devunit=0xffffc5e0: RSA modulo for keyslot2, initialized by initialize_rsakeyslots_pubk().
• +0x300 size 0x200, retail=0xffffb3e0 devunit=0xffffc6e0: First 0x100-bytes is the RSA modulo, then the following 0x100-bytes is the RSA privk(private-exponent). This is for RSA-engine keyslot0 with initialize_x07ffbd00_x07ffc100_rsakeyslotsprivk(), which also copies this modulo to the array starting at 0x07ffbd00.
• +0x500 size 0x200, retail=0xffffb5e0 devunit=0xffffc8e0: Used the same as the above block except for slot1.
• +0x700 size 0x200, retail=0xffffb7e0 devunit=0xffffcae0: Used the same as the above block except for slot2.
• +0x900 size 0x200, retail=0xffffb9e0 devunit=0xffffcce0: Used the same as the above block except for slot3.
• +0xb00 size 0x200, retail=0xffffbbe0 devunit=0xffffcee0: First 0x100-bytes is the RSA modulo, then the following 0x100-bytes is the RSA privk(private-exponent). The 0x200-bytes here is copied to slot0 in the array at 0x07ffc100 by initialize_x07ffbd00_x07ffc100_rsakeyslotsprivk().
• +0xd00 size 0x200, retail=0xffffbde0 devunit=0xffffd0e0: Used the same as the above block except for slot1.
• +0xf00 size 0x200, retail=0xffffbfe0 devunit=0xffffd2e0: Used the same as the above block except for slot2.
• +0x1100 size 0x200, retail=0xffffc1e0 devunit=0xffffd4e0: Used the same as the above block except for slot3.

Boot9 DTCM layout

Most of this is just ptrs / other unknown data, not actual keys. However, there is an unknown 0x10-byte block @ +0x124(there's a ptr initialized for this block elsewhere).

Boot11 image data memory layout

0x0001817c..0x000181f4 size 0x78-bytes: This seems to be the bootrom error screen font gfx data. This begins at the exact end-address of the crt0 code, the rest of the protected boot11 code begins at this end-address(0x000181f4).

0x00019400 is the beginning of the boot11 data area, the first 8-bytes here are unknown.

• 0x00019408..0x0001b498 size 0x2090-bytes: This is the blowfish keydata which gets copied to arm9itcm_twlkeydata+0x3e0 later.
• ...
• 0x0001c498..0x0001c4f8 size 0x60-bytes: This is the data which eventually gets copied to arm9itcm_twlkeydata+0x380.
• 0x0001c4f8..0x0001c538 size 0x40-bytes: This is the data which eventually gets copied to arm9itcm_twlkeydata+0x340.
• 0x0001c538..0x0001c578 size 0x40-bytes: This is the data which eventually gets copied to arm9itcm_twlkeydata+0x300.
• 0x0001c578..0x0001c5f8 size 0x80-bytes: This is the data which eventually gets copied to arm9itcm_twlkeydata+0x280.
• 0x0001c5f8..0x0001c678 size 0x80-bytes: This is the data which eventually gets copied to arm9itcm_twlkeydata+0x0.
• 0x0001c678..0x0001c878 size 0x200-bytes: This is the data which eventually gets copied to arm9itcm_twlkeydata+0x80.
• 0x0001c878..0x0001d078 size 0x800-bytes: These are the 3DS RSA-2048 modulus which are eventually copied to arm9_itcm+0x4900: on retail the first 4 are copied there by boot9, on devunit the last 4 are copied to itcm.
• 0x0001d078 size 0x120-bytes is the initial data for the .data section @ 0x1ffe8000, this is the very end of the protected arm11-bootrom.

AES keys

See the Tools section for how Boot9 initializes the keyslots.

See also here.

For an issue with console-unique key-init, see here.

BootROM Errors

Sample error-screen(where firm0+firm1 RSA signatures were corrupted):

 BOOTROM 8046
 ERRCODE: 00F800FF
 DEDEFFFF FFFFFFFF
 00000000 00000000

• 1st line is: print_string(..., "BOOTROM %X", 0x8046);//This last param comes from the .pool.
• 2nd line is: print_string(..., "ERRCODE: %08X", *((unsigned int*)(0x1FFFE000+0xC)));//See below memory notes.
• 3rd line is: print_string(..., "%08X %08X", *((unsigned int*)(0x1FFFE000+0x10))`, `*((unsigned int*)(0x1fffe000+0x14)));//See below memory notes.
• 4th line is: print_string(..., "%08X %08X",*((unsigned int*)(0x1FFFE000+0x18))`, `*((unsigned int*)(0x1fffe000+0x1C)));//See below memory notes.

0x1FFFE000 memory

This memory is used by boot9 mainly for sending info to the arm11 for the error-screen. The data in this region is still stored in memory by the time the ARM9+ARM11 jumps to FIRM.

Among boot9/boot11, the 3 words at 0x1FFFE000 seem to be only accessed by the boot11 function initializing those words.

• u32 0x1FFFE000+0: ARM11 MPCore "Cycle Counter Register (CCNT)".
• u32 0x1FFFE000+4: ARM11 MPCore "Count Register 0 (PMN0)".
• u32 0x1FFFE000+8: ARM11 MPCore "Count Register 1 (PMN0)".
• 8bit-entry-array 0x1FFFE000+0xC: 8bit status-codes initialized by boot9 main(), for the FIRM-boot devices. +0 is NAND and +2 is wifi-spiflash.
• ...
• 8bit-entry-array 0x1FFFE000+0x10: Status-codes originally from nand_findfirmpartition_loadfirm(), for each of the 8 NCSD partitions.

BootROM Status Codes

Value	Description
0x00	Success
0xEE(~17)	NCSD header validation function failed: NCSD magicnum is invalid or RSA verification failed.
0xDE(~33)	FIRM header validation function failed: FIRM magicnum is invalid or RSA verification failed.
0xDF(~32)	Failed to read sector data from the device.
0xCF(~48)	FIRM section validation function failed: FIRM section is invalid.
0xF7(~8)	A NAND FIRM from another partition was already found with a priority(firmhdr+4) >= to the value for the current partition's FIRM priority.
0xF8(~7)	The FIRM magicnum(firmhdr+0) is invalid.
0xFF(~0)	Initial value for each entry in the 8-entry array of status-codes for the NAND NCSD partitions. Indicates that the partition is not a FIRM partition(partition fs type isn't 0x3 or partition fs crypt-type isn't 0x2).

Boot9 startup

0xffff0000 jumps to 0xffff8000. 0xffff8000 is crt0:

• Very first thing this does is clear u8 register 0x10000002 (CFG_RST11) bit 0 to zero.
• Then sp is initialized for each cpumode, IRQs/FIQs are disabled during the first mode-switch.
• Order of mode-switches + sp initialization: svc-mode = 0xfff04000, irq-mode = 0xfff03f00, system-mode = 0xfff03b00. Hence, the rest of the code following this runs in system-mode.
• Then L_ffff80cc/mpu_init() is called.
• Then L_ffff0038() is called, which initializes the exception-handler addresses @ 0x08000000.
• Then L_ffff81b8() is called(r4 + lr are saved on the DTCM stack), which after calling a memclear function which doesn't do anything, it then clears 0x08000030 size 0x10. Here the DTCM at 0xfff00000 size 0x4000 is cleared.
• Then L_ffff81b4() is called, which branches to DTCM_init(). This copies the initial DTCM data from the Boot9 data image into boot9, then it clears 0xFFF00230 - 0xFFF01AC0.
• Then LT_ffff8228/main is jumped to, with LR set to the address of an infinite-branch-loop instruction.

mpu_init():

• Bitmask 0x000f9005 is cleared in the cp15 control register. MCR instructions which do then following are then executed: flush entire instruction cache, flush entire data cache, and drain write buffer.
• Then the 8 MPU memregions are initialized.
• ITCM memregion reg = 0x24: baseaddr=0x0, size = 128MB(0x08000000).
• DTCM memregion reg = 0xfff0000a: baseaddr=0xfff00000, size=16KB(0x00004000).
• Then instruction cachable and data cachable/bufferable bits for the MPU regions are setup.
• Then the instruction/data access permissions for the MPU regions are setup.
• Lastly bitmask 0x0005707d is orred in the cp15 control register.

Boot9 main()

 The following functions are called: LT_ffff2024(), LT_ffff1ff8(), pxi_init(), rsa_init(), initialize_rsakeyslots_pubk(), crypto_initialize(), and aesengine_reset().
 Then AES keyslot 0x3F is setup: aesengine_setnormalkey(0x3f, 5, ptr) is called. ptr on retail(CFG_UNITINFO check) is 0xffffd6e0, 0xffffd700 for devunit. Then essentially, aesengine_setctr(5, ptr+0x10) is executed.
 Then AES keyslot 0x3f is selected.
 When calling the following functions, if any of them return zero, it will immediately jump to setting ptr to 0x10012000(otp), otherwise when all of them return non-zero ptr = sp+0x94. otp_decrypt(sp+4), otp_verify(sp+4), initialize_consoleunique_itcm(sp+4, 0x07ffb800).
 Then the following is executed: initialize_aeskeys_wrap(ptr, 0x70);
 Then sp+4 size 0x100 is cleared to zero.
 
 ...
 
 NAND firm-boot code-block, is described below. Note that boot9 is basically hard-coded to use deviceid NAND, not SD.
 {
 	timer_updatestoredstate() is called, then the AES keyslot for NAND-FIRM is selected(0x6).
 	Then LT_ffff56c8() is called, if that returns non-zero the statuscode variable is set to ~2 then it jumps to NAND_BOOTEND.
 	Then LT_ffff5774(0x201) is called, if that returns non-zero the statuscode variable is set to ~1 then it jumps to NAND_BOOTEND.
 	Then fsdriver_setup_mmc() is called. Then nand_findfirmpartition_loadfirm(0) is called, with the statuscode variable set to the retval.
 	Executes a loop which runs 8 times: write the output from get_errorcode_arrayentry_xfff005e8(loopindex) to u8 0x1fffe000+0x10+loopindex(copy the array of 32bit error-codes for all 8 NCSD partitions initialized by nand_findfirmpartition_loadfirm() to the array of 8bit entries at 0x1fffe000+0x10).
 
 	NAND_BOOTEND:
 	Then the statuscode variable is written to u8 0x1fffe000+0xc.
 	Then LT_ffff5690(0x201, 0x1fffe018, 0x1fffe01c) is called.
 	Then LT_ffff5644() is called.
 	Then timer_updatestoredstate() is called.
 	When statuscode==0 for success, it jumps to FIRMLOAD_END. Otherwise, it continues to the next code-block.
 }
 
 Wifi spi-flash firm-boot code-block, executed when no FIRM was loaded successfully so far.
 {
 	timer_updatestoredstate() is called.
 
 	Then spi_wififlash_cmdgetstatusreg(sp+0x100) is executed. When bit0 of the output u8 at sp+0x100 is clear, it will continue this code-block, otherwise it will set the statuscode variable to ~1 then jump to SPIFLASH_BOOTEND.
 	Then fsdriver_setup_wififlash() is called.
 	Here read_firmhdr_validate_loadfirm(0, 2) is called, with the statuscode variable set to the retval.
 
 	SPIFLASH_BOOTEND:
 	Then the statuscode variable is written to u8 0x1fffe000+0xe.
 	Then timer_updatestoredstate() is called.
 	When statuscode==0 for success, it jumps to FIRMLOAD_END. Otherwise, it executes writenormalkey_keyslot3f(), then jumps to FIRMLOAD_FAILURE.
 }
 
 FIRMLOAD_END:
 Here it calls firmhdr_getarm11_entrypoint() and firmhdr_getarm9_entrypoint(). Immediately after calling each function it checks if the retval is 0, if so it then jumps to FIRMLOAD_FAILURE.
 After calling initialize_x07ffbd00_x07ffc100_rsakeyslotsprivk(), it jumps to FIRMLOAD_EXIT.
 
 FIRMLOAD_FAILURE:
 Here it clears 0x07ffb800 size 0x3c70 to zero, endaddr = 0x07fff470.
 Then it continues to FIRMLOAD_EXIT.
 
 FIRMLOAD_EXIT:
 Here firmboot() is called, which should never return. The instruction after this bl is a call for panic().

Boot11

• ...

main():

 LT_1263c();
 ...
 LT_13944()
 ...
 pxi_init();
 initializefuncptr_firmboot_start(firmbootbegin_funcptr);
 firmboot();
 return;

LT_12220/initializefuncptr_firmboot_start

 inr0=funcptr
 This writes inr0 to address 0x1ffe8028, then returns.
 This initializes the funcptr which firmboot() can call after the very first func-call.

LT_13944

 if(i2cmcu_readregf(sp+0)==0)
 {
 	return (*((u8*)0x10147000) >> 4) & 1;//Reads GPIO when reading I2C fails.
 }
 Here it basically does "return <byte loaded from sp+0> ^ 0x2". Hence in this case, it will return 0x2 when the system shell is closed(sleep-mode), otherwise 0x0 is returned.

LT_12454/firmboot

 This is the arm11 version of the boot9 firmboot() function, like boot9 this is the final function called from main(). The functionality for these two functions are identical, minus addresses.
 ptr = firmboot_loadentrypoint11();
 funcptr = *(0x1ffe8028);
 if(funcptr)funcptr(ptr);
 LT_11ffc(ptr);
 return;

Boot Procedure

• 0 seconds - unit is powered on. The ARM9 and ARM11 bootroms begin execution.
• <= ~1 second - BootROMs fully run, load FIRM, etc. The loaded FIRM begins running.
  • The ARM11 sysmodules included with FIRM are launched by ARM11-kernel, etc.
  • The PM module launches NS.
  • If auto-booting is needed, NS will auto-boot titles.
  • Otherwise, NS will instead launch ErrDisp and the current active menu via the PM module. For retail units, this menu is usually the Home Menu. Note that the PM module first launches the module dependencies when launching a process, prior to actually launching the process.
  • The further Home Menu startup process is described here. This includes Home Menu manually launching various sysmodules.

• 4 seconds - the LCD screens are initialized.

• 7 seconds - Home Menu is fully initialized/loaded.

NAND Reads during Boot

During a successful boot on 6.x, the bootloader (and firm) reads the following sectors from NAND (in this order):

00000000 (NCSD Partition Table)

Only verify 'FIRM' magic? (A second Header-read will be attempted even if everything except the magic is 0xFF...)
0B130000 (FIRM Partition)
0B530000 (Secondary FIRM Partition)

Verify RSA signature and parse Header:
0B130000 (FIRM: Header)
0B130200 (FIRM: Section 1)
0B163E00 (FIRM: Section 2)
0B193E00 (FIRM: Section 3)

00013000 .. Below is probably NATIVE_FIRM booting ..
00014000
00015000
00016000
00017000

09011A00
09011C00
09012000
09012400
...

Error Codes

When the 3DS does not find the NAND chip, the following error is displayed:

Error	Description
00F800FE 00000000 00000000 00000200 00000000	Error when having SD-card reader connected to NAND during boot.
00F800FE 00000000 00000000 00000400 00000000	NAND not found error (?)
00F800FE FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF 00000080 00800000	NAND error when DAT1 was used as DAT0.
00F800FE FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF 00000005 00800000	NAND error when DAT2 was used as DAT0.
00F800FE FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF 00000005 00000000	NAND error when DAT3 was used as DAT0.
00F800FF F8F8FFFF FFFFFFFF 00000000 00000000	Both the firm0 and firm1 partitions are corrupt (failed signature checks).
00F800EE FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF 00000000 00000000	NCSD header in sector 0 is corrupt (failed signature check).

Tools

• boot9_tools